Planting asymptomatic yet infected nursery stock is the main route of disease introduction into vineyards. Given that A. vitis is not a controlled pest for import into Canada, no prior information was gathered about the health condition of nursery plants destined for import. This investigation assessed the health of ready-to-plant nursery stock from domestic and international sources, focusing on crown gall by quantifying Agrobacterium vitis presence across different plant sections employing Droplet Digital PCR technology. A comparative study was conducted on rootstocks originating from one specific nursery. metabolomics and bioinformatics A. vitis was consistently found in planting material sourced from all the nurseries that were evaluated. The distribution of bacteria within dormant nursery material was not consistent, and the abundance of bacteria was the same across all rootstocks examined. Moreover, a description of the first A. vitis strain OP-G1, isolated from galls within British Columbia, is presented. The study's results showcased that a minimum of 5000 bacterial OP-G1 cells were essential for symptom development, signifying that simple bacterial presence in nursery materials isn't the sole determinant; a threshold level and specific environmental conditions are also crucial.
Several north central Mississippi counties experienced cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants that, in August 2022, displayed yellowish lesions on the adaxial leaf surfaces coupled with white, powdery fungal growth on the abaxial leaf surfaces. Throughout the 2022 Mississippi cotton season, the presence of infected cotton was noticed in 19 counties. Affected plants yielded symptomatic leaves which were collected, put into sealed plastic freezer bags, stored chilled on ice in a cooler, and conveyed to the laboratory. Prior to isolation, the pathogen's microscopic structure was analyzed and found to exhibit a morphology similar to the descriptions characterizing Ramulariopsis species. According to Ehrlich and Wolf (1932). A sterile needle was used to transfer conidia to V8 medium containing chloramphenicol (75 mg/liter) and streptomycin sulfate (125 mg/liter), which was then incubated in the dark at 25°C. After a period of fourteen days, the colony diameter was measured, and the observed morphological traits were consistent with previous accounts (Videira et al., 2016; Volponi et al., 2014). The 7 mm diameter colonies cultivated on V8 medium presented a raised, lumpy, and lobed structure, marked by an iron-grey color. Hyaline, branched, and septate mycelia, with a diameter of 1 to 3 meters, were observed. Conidia demonstrated a length distribution from 28 to 256 micrometers, accompanied by a width distribution from 10 to 49 micrometers (mean length = 128.31 micrometers; total specimens = 20). A 14-day-old culture, obtained from V8 medium, provided the pure cultures necessary for DNA extraction. Hepatic stem cells Using the protocol of Videira et al. (2016), the representative isolate TW098-22 underwent amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1- (TEF 1-), and actin (ACT) genes. GenBank accession numbers (accession no.) were assigned to the consensus sequences. The following identifiers are provided: OQ653427, OR157986, and OR157987. The 483-bp (ITS) and 706-bp TEF 1- sequences from TW098-22 showed a 100% match to Ramulariopsis pseudoglycines CPC 18242 (type culture) in the NCBI GenBank BLASTn search, according to Videira et al. (2016). Koch's postulates were performed after the replication of individual colonies, achieved by streaking them on V8 media as detailed above. Culture plates were held at a temperature of 25°C and in complete darkness for 14 days, following preparation. Colonies were introduced aseptically into centrifuge tubes (50 mL capacity), containing 50 mL of autoclaved reverse osmosis (RO) water, to which 0.001% Tween 20 had been added. The concentration of conidia in the inoculum suspension was precisely adjusted to 135 x 10⁵ per milliliter via a hemocytometer. A 30-day period of humidity maintenance, achieved by placing a plastic bag over each plant, was initiated after 10 ml of suspension was sprayed onto the foliage of five 25-day-old cotton plants. Five plants were given sterilized reverse osmosis water as a control treatment. A growth chamber, maintained at approximately 70 percent relative humidity and 25 degrees Celsius, hosted the plants under a 168-hour light-dark cycle. After thirty days post-inoculation, a clear pattern of foliar symptoms appeared on all the inoculated plants, consisting of small necrotic areas and a white powdery exudate. The control plants exhibited no symptoms. A repetition of the trial was undertaken. Consistent with the initial field isolate's description, re-isolated colony and conidia morphology, as well as the ITS DNA sequence, were observed. The presence of areolate mildew in cotton is linked to the presence of two Ramulariopsis species, R. gossypii and R. pseudoglycines, as per Videira et al. (2016). Although Mathioni et al. (2021) have recorded both species in Brazil, this report establishes the first occurrence of R. pseudoglycines in the United States. Despite the previous reporting of areolate mildew in the southeastern United States (Anonymous 1960), the current report details the first observation of R. pseudoglycines on cotton in the U.S., specifically in Mississippi.
A low-growing succulent, Dinteranthus vanzylii, indigenous to southern Africa and belonging to the Aizoaceae family, presents a pair of thick grey leaves that bear a striking pattern of dark red spots and stripes. Near the ground, this stone-like succulent thrives, potentially shielded from both water evaporation and grazing animals. Its attractive aesthetics and effortless indoor cultivation have led to the growing popularity of Dinteranthus vanzylii in China. In September 2021, 7% of D. vanzylii (approximately 140 pots) showed leaf wilt symptoms in a commercial greenhouse located in Ningde (11935'39696E, 2723'30556N), Fujian Province, China. The plants, diseased and marked by a process of withering, eventually met their demise through necrosis. Rotting leaf tissues were completely blanketed by a white mycelium. 0.5 cm2 pieces of leaf tissue, harvested from 10 symptomatic plants, were surface-sterilized and inoculated onto PDA medium. After 7 days of growth in culture, microscopic observation of colony morphology identified 20 fungal isolates, displaying abundant whitish aerial mycelium. Categorization into two types was made based on pigment production: eight isolates manifested a lilac pigment, whereas twelve isolates did not. Carnation leaf agar (CLA) fostered the production of unicellular, ovoid microconidia, alongside sickled-shaped macroconidia characterized by 3 to 4 septa, and either single or paired, smooth, thick-walled chlamydospores. Within each group of isolates, DNA sequencing from EF1-α (O'Donnell et al., 1998), RPB1, and RPB2 (O'Donnell et al., 2010) indicated 100% sequence homology, yet there were several differing base pairs between the two types. The sequences of the KMDV1 and KMDV2 isolates, deemed representative, were submitted to GenBank under the provided accession numbers. Provide ten distinct ways of phrasing these sentences, highlighting variations in sentence structure and wording, but ensuring semantic equivalence. The genetic similarity of strains OP910243, OP910244, OR030448, OR030449, OR030450, and OR030451 to different F. oxysporum strains ranged from 9910% to 9974%, according to the GenBank accession numbers. A list of sentences is returned by this JSON schema. Rucaparib research buy In this context, the codes KU738441, LN828039, MN457050, MN457049, ON316742, and ON316741 are referenced. The concatenated EF1-, RPB1, and RPB2 phylogenetic tree placed these isolates within the same clade as F. oxysporum. In conclusion, these separated isolates were identified as the species F. oxysporum. In a root-drenching procedure, 10 one-year-old healthy specimens of D. vanzylii were each inoculated with conidial suspensions (1×10⁶ conidia/mL) of KMDV1 and KMDV2 isolates for 60 minutes, respectively. In a plant-growth chamber with a stable temperature of 25°C and a relative humidity of 60%, the specimens were carefully transplanted into pots containing sterilized soil. The control plants' treatment involved sterilized water. A triplicate of the pathogenicity test was completed. All plants exposed to each isolate showed leaf wilt symptoms by day 15, and these plants passed away between days 20 and 30. Still, no indications of symptoms were apparent in the control plants. Following re-isolation, Fusarium oxysporum was identified and authenticated by evaluating its morphology and EF1-alpha gene sequence. In the control plants, no pathogens were found to be present. This is the initial report in China that pinpoints F. oxysporum as the direct cause of leaf wilt in the D. vanzylii plant. So far, various diseases have been noted affecting members of the Aizoaceae. Collar and stem rot is a prevalent issue for Lampranthus sp. Wilt in Lampranthus sp. and Tetragonia tetragonioides, attributed to Pythium aphanidermatum (Garibaldi et al., 2009), contrasted with the leaf spot on Sesuvium portulacastrum, caused by Gibbago trianthemae (Chen et al., 2022). Verticillium dahliae (Garibaldi et al., 2010; Garibaldi et al., 2013) was the culprit for the wilt in Lampranthus sp. and Tetragonia tetragonioides. Our study of fungal diseases impacting Aizoaceae species holds promise for advancing their cultivation and management.
Perennial blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) stands as a member of the Caprifoliaceae family, residing in the Lonicera genus, which is the largest plant genus. A leaf spot malady was observed on roughly 20% of the 'Lanjingling' cultivar blue honeysuckle plants cultivated across a 333-hectare field at the Xiangyang experimental station (126°96'E, 45°77'N) of Northeast Agricultural University in Harbin, China, between September 2021 and September 2022. Leaf spots, initially exhibiting black mildew, expanded over the leaf's surface, leading to its eventual detachment. Using a random sampling technique, 50 leaves were chosen, and from each leaf, a 3-4 mm piece of infected tissue was dissected. The dissected tissue was surface sterilized using a solution containing 75% ethanol and 5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and then carefully transferred to a 9 cm Petri dish containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) after being allowed to air dry.